body {
    background-color: #f5f7fb;
    font-family: 'Georgia', sans-serif;
    font-size: 15px; /* font-weight galat tha, yaha font-size hona chahiye */
}



/* ===== Journal Header ===== */


.topbar {
            background: linear-gradient(45deg, #0b3c6d, #ff6a00);

        }
.journal-header {
    background-color: #cbe5ef;
    padding: 5px 5px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
}

.journal-flex {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    max-width: 1050px;
    width: 100%;
}

/* Logo */
.journal-logo {
    height: 120px;
}

/* Text */
.journal-text {
    margin-left: 20px;
}

.journal-title {
    font-size: 26px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #043379;
    margin: 0;
    line-height: 1.3;
}

.journal-sub {
    font-size: 16px;
    color: #555;
    margin-top: 3px;
    line-height: 1.6;
}

/* ===== Tablet ===== */
@media (max-width: 768px) {

    .journal-flex {
        flex-direction: column; /* logo upar */
        text-align: center;
    }

    .journal-logo {
        height: 90px;
        margin-bottom: 10px;
    }

    .journal-text {
        margin-left: 0;
    }

    .journal-title {
        font-size: 20px;
    }

    .journal-sub {
        font-size: 14px;
    }
}

/* ===== Small Mobile ===== */
@media (max-width: 480px) {

    .journal-logo {
        height: 70px;
    }

    .journal-title {
        font-size: 17px;
        line-height: 1.2;
    }

    .journal-sub {
        font-size: 12px;
        line-height: 1.5;
    }
}


/* Header */
.header {
    background: #f5f7fb;
    padding: 5px;
    padding-left: 0px;
    text-align: center;
    color: #0D3B7F;
}

.header h1 {
    margin: 10px;
    font-size: 30px;
    font-weight:bold;
    line-height: 1.3;
}

/* ===== Mobile Responsive ===== */
@media (max-width: 768px) {

    .header {
        padding: 3px 3px;
    }

    .header h1 {
        font-size: 11px;   /* smaller for mobile */
        line-height: 1.3;
    }

}

    .dropdown-menu {
            z-index: 1050 !important;
        }
  
     
         .sidebar {
            background: linear-gradient(45deg, #0D3B7F, #109ac5);
            color: white;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 10px;
        }

        .sidebar a {
            color: white;
            text-decoration: none;
            display: block;
            padding: 8px 0;
            transition: 0.3s;
        }

        .sidebar a:hover {
            color: #00c5b0;
        }
  .home-card {
            border-radius: 10px;
            box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);}

  
        
.home-header {
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #1565c0, #1e88e5);
    color: #ffffff;
    font-weight: bold;

}           
 
.content-header {
    background-color: #0b5d6d;
    color: #ffffff;
    font-weight: bold;
    text-align: center;
}

  
    .cta-btn {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 14px 36px;
    font-size: 15px;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 50px;
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, #0b3c6d, #ff6a00);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(11, 60, 109, 0.4);
    transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.cta-btn:hover {
    transform: translateY(-3px);
    box-shadow: 0 12px 25px rgba(255, 106, 0, 0.6);
}

.cta-btn:active {
    transform: scale(0.96);
}

/* Shine Effect */
.cta-btn::before {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: -100%;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.3);
    transform: skewX(-25deg);
    transition: 0.6s;
}

.cta-btn:hover::before {
    left: 100%;
}
.cta-btn1 {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 14px 30px;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 600;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 40px;
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, #ff3c00, #ff7a00);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(255, 90, 0, 0.4);
    transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;
    letter-spacing: 0.3px;
}

.cta-btn1:hover {
    background:linear-gradient(45deg, #0D3B7F, #109ac5) ;
    transform: translateY(-3px);
    box-shadow: 0 12px 25px rgba(255, 60, 0, 0.6);
}

.cta-btn1:active {
    transform: scale(0.96);
}




.cta-btn2 {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 14px 30px;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 600;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 40px;
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, #0D3B7F, #109ac5);
    box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(255, 90, 0, 0.4);
    transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;
    letter-spacing: 0.3px;
}

.cta-btn2:hover {
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, #0D3B7F, #109ac5);
    transform: translateY(-3px);
    box-shadow: 0 12px 25px rgba(255, 60, 0, 0.6);
}

.cta-btn2:active {
    transform: scale(0.96);
}



/* Hero Section */
/* HERO SECTION */
.hero {
    position: relative;
    width: 100%;
    height: 300px;
    overflow: hidden;
}

/* IMAGE */
.hero-image {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    filter: brightness(70%);
}

/* CONTENT WRAPPER (IMPORTANT FIX) */
.hero-content {
    position: absolute;
    top: 50%;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
    text-align: center;
    width: 90%;
}



/* TITLE */
.hero-title {
    font-size: 2rem;
    font-weight: bold;
    color:#c55300;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}

/* SUBTITLE */
.hero-subtitle {
    font-size: 1rem;
    color: #ffffff;
    font-weight: 500;
}

/* ================= MOBILE ================= */
@media (max-width: 768px) {

    .hero {
        height: 220px;
    }

    .hero-title {
        font-size: 1.5rem;
    }

    .hero-subtitle {
        font-size: 0.9rem;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {

    .hero {
        height: 180px;
    }

    .hero-title {
        font-size: 1.3rem;
    }

    .hero-subtitle {
        font-size: 0.8rem;
    }
}




       
.navbar {
     background: linear-gradient(210deg, #077ef5, #101851);
     
    transition: background-color 0.3s ease-in-out, padding 0.3s ease-in-out;
    padding:  0px;
    width: 100%;
    
}
.navbar .navbar-brand {
    color: #ffffff !important;
    font-weight: bold;
}
.navbar .nav-link {
    color: #ffffff !important;
    font-size: 16px;
}
.navbar  .nav-link:active{
    color: #ffcc00  !important;
   
}
.navbar .nav-link:hover {
    color: #F07F2C !important; /* Hover Effect */
    
}
.dropdown-menu {
            z-index: 1050 !important;
        }
.dropdown-menu .dropdown-item :hover {
            color: #E45B00 !important;
        }

.navbar.scrolled {
    
            padding: 5px;
            text-align: left;
            color: lightgray  !important;
            background: linear-gradient(45deg, #0b3c6d, #ff6a00) !important; /* Scroll hone par color change */
            box-shadow: 0px 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
}
.dropdown-menu {
            z-index: 1050 !important;
        }
        /* Active Link */
.navbar .nav-item.active .nav-link {
    color:#F07F2C !important;
    
}

/* Dropdown Active */
.dropdown-item.active {
    background-color: #F07F2C !important;
    color: #fff !important;
}


/* ===== Mobile Responsive ===== */
@media (max-width: 991px) {

    .navbar {
        padding: 5px 10px;
    }

    /* Toggle button spacing */
    .navbar-toggler {
        border: none;
        outline: none;
    }

    /* Menu box */
    .navbar-collapse {
        background: linear-gradient(210deg, #077ef5, #101851);
        margin-top: 10px;
        padding: 10px;
        border-radius: 8px;
    }

    /* Links full width */
    .navbar-nav {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .navbar .nav-link {
        display: block;
        padding: 10px;
        border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);
    }

    /* Remove last border */
    .navbar .nav-item:last-child .nav-link {
        border-bottom: none;
    }

    /* Dropdown fix */
    .dropdown-menu {
        position: static !important;
        float: none;
        width: 100%;
        background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05);
        border: none;
        box-shadow: none;
    }

    .dropdown-item {
        color: #fff !important;
        padding: 8px 15px;
    }

    .dropdown-item:hover {
        background: rgba(255,255,255,0.1);
    }
}

/* ===== Small Mobile ===== */
@media (max-width: 480px) {

    .navbar .navbar-brand {
        font-size: 18px;
    }

    .navbar .nav-link {
        font-size: 14px;
    }
}
  
#heroCarousel .carousel-item::before{
    content:"";
    position:absolute;
    inset:0;
    background:rgba(0,0,0,0.10);
}
/* Carousel image responsive fix */
#heroCarousel .carousel-item img{
    width:100%;
    height:380px;
    object-fit:cover;
}

/* Caption positioning */
#heroCarousel .carousel-caption{
    bottom:20%;
    text-align:left;
    left:10%;
    right:auto;
    max-width:550px;
    color: #02255a ;
    
}

/* Heading */
#heroCarousel .carousel-caption h1{
    font-size:42px;
    font-weight:700;
}

/* Paragraph */
#heroCarousel .carousel-caption p{
    font-size:16px;
    margin-bottom:15px;
       color: #000;
}

/* Tablet */
@media (max-width:992px){
    #heroCarousel .carousel-item img{
        height:420px;
    }

    #heroCarousel .carousel-caption h1{
        font-size:32px;
    }
}

/* Mobile */
@media (max-width:768px){
    #heroCarousel .carousel-item img{
        height:300px;
    }

    #heroCarousel .carousel-caption{
        bottom:15%;
        left:5%;
        max-width:90%;
    }

    #heroCarousel .carousel-caption h1{
        font-size:22px;
    }

    #heroCarousel .carousel-caption p{
        font-size:14px;
    }
}

/* Small Mobile */
@media (max-width:480px){
    #heroCarousel .carousel-item img{
        height:240px;
    }
}


.news-ticker {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    background: #afebe5;
    color: white;
    padding: 10px;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: bold;
    border-radius: 5px;
}

.news-title {
    background: lightslategray;
    padding: 5px 15px;
    border-radius: 5px;
    margin-right: 10px;
    font-weight: bold;
}

.marquee {

    background: #e0f1f7;
    color:#OOO;
    padding:0px;
    font-weight:500;
}

  .whatsapp-float {
             display: none; /* Hide all testimonials initially */
            position: fixed;
            bottom: 20px;
            left: 20px;
            background-color: #25D366;
            color: white;
            width: 50px;
            height: 50px;
            border-radius: 50%;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            font-size: 24px;
            text-decoration: none;
            box-shadow: 2px 2px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);

        }
 
   .testimonial-container {
            width: 100%;
            height: 280px;
            margin: 50px auto;
            background: white;
            padding: 20px;
            box-shadow: 0px 0px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
            border-radius: 10px;
            text-align: left;
            position: relative;
        }
        .testimonial {
            display: none;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 20px;
        }
        .testimonial.active {
            display: flex; /* Show only the active testimonial */
            
            animation: fade 1s;
        }
        @keyframes fade {
            from { opacity: 0; }
            to { opacity: 1; }
        }
        .testimonial-img {
            width: 100px;
            height: 100px;
            border-radius: 50%;
            object-fit: cover;
        }
        .testimonial-content {
            flex-grow: 1;
        }
        .testimonial-content h4 {
            margin: 0;
            color: #094f5c;
        }
        .testimonial-content p {
            margin: 5px 0;
        }

.dots {
    text-align: center;
    margin-top: 10px;
}

.dot {
    height: 10px;
    width: 10px;
    margin: 5px;
    display: inline-block;
    background: #ccc;
    border-radius: 50%;
    cursor: pointer;
}

.dot.active {
    background: #0b3d91;
}
.comment {
            margin-top: 10px;
            font-style: italic;
            background: #f1f1f1;
            padding: 10px;
            border-left: 3px solid #094f5c;
        }
        .nav-buttons {
            margin-top: 10px;
            text-align: center;
        }
        .nav-buttons button {
            padding: 5px 10px;
            margin: 5px;
            cursor: pointer;
            border: none;
            background: #094f5c;
            color: white;
            border-radius: 5px;
        }
        .nav-buttons button:hover {
            background: #072f3c;
        }
        .dots {
            text-align: center;
            margin-top: 15px;
        }
        .dot {
            height: 10px;
            width: 10px;
            margin: 0 5px;
            background-color: #bbb;
            border-radius: 50%;
            display: inline-block;
            cursor: pointer;
        }
        .dot.active {
            background-color: #094f5c;
        }


        .newsletter-box {
            background: #fff;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            box-shadow: 0px 0px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            text-align: center;
        }

        .newsletter-box h2 {
            margin-bottom: 15px;
        }

        input[type="email"] {
            width: 800%;
            padding: 10px;
            margin-bottom: 10px;
            border: 1px solid #ccc;
            border-radius: 5px;
        }

        .subscribe-btn {
            background: #007bff;
            color: white;
            border: none;
            padding: 10px 15px;
            cursor: pointer;
            border-radius: 5px;
        }

        .subscribe-btn:hover {
            background: #0056b3;
        }

        .message {
            margin-top: 10px;
            font-size: 14px;
        }

        .error {
            color: red;
        }

        .success {
            color: green;
        }
        

.search-bar {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    margin-top: 10px;
}
.search-bar input {
    width: 50%;
    padding: 5px;
    border: 1px solid #E45B00;
    border-radius: 5px;
}
.search-bar button {
    background-color: #E45B00;
    color: white;
    padding: 8px 15px;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 2px;
    cursor: pointer;
}
.search-bar button:hover {
    background-color: #ffcc00;
    color: #E45B00;
}

/* Sidebar */
.sidebar {
    background-color: #f8f9fa;
    padding: 15px;
    border-radius: 10px;
}

.sidebar .side-card {
            border-radius: 10px;
            box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);}

.sidebar .card-header {
    background-color: #E45B00;
    color: #ffffff;
    font-weight: bold;
}
.sidebar .list-group-item {
    border: none;
    padding: 10px;
}
.sidebar .list-group-item:hover {
    background-color: #e0f2f1;
}

/* Main Content */
.main-content .card {
    border: 1px solid #E45B00;
    border-radius: 10px;
    margin-bottom: 20px;
     box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
}
.main-content .card-header {
    background-color: #E45B00;
    color: white;
    font-weight: bold;
}
.main-content .card-body ul li {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 5px 0;
}
.main-content .card-body ul li a {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: #E45B00;
}
.main-content .card-body ul li a:hover {
    color: #ffcc00;
}

/* Footer */
.footer {
  
   background: linear-gradient(45deg, #0D3B7F, #109ac5) !important;
    color: white;
    text-align: left;
    padding: 10px 0;
    margin-top: 20px;
}
.footer a {
    color: #ffcc00;
    text-decoration: none;
}
.footer a:hover {
    color:#F07F2C ;
}
 
}
.footer {
    background: linear-gradient(210deg, #0D3B7F, #109ac5);
    color: #fff;
    padding: 40px 0 20px;
    font-size: 14px;
}

/* Titles */
.footer-title {
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: 15px;
}

/* Text */
.footer-text {
    line-height: 1.6;
    color: #fff;
}

/* Links */
.footer-links {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
}

.footer-links li {
    margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.footer-links a {
    color: #F07F2C;
    text-decoration:none;
    transition: 0.3s;
}

.footer-links a:hover {
    color: #F07F2C;
    padding-left: 5px;
}

/* Social Icons */
.social-icons a {
    display: inline-block;
    width: 35px;
    height: 35px;
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0.1);
    color: #fff;
    text-align: center;
    line-height: 35px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    margin-right: 8px;
    transition: 0.3s;
}

.social-icons a:hover {
    background: #F07F2C;
    color: #000;
}

/* Newsletter */
.newsletter-form {
    display: flex;
    gap: 5px;
}

.newsletter-form input {
    flex: 1;
    padding: 8px;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 5px;
}



/* Contact */
.contact-box p {
    margin: 5px 0;
    color: #ddd;
}

/* Bottom */
.footer-bottom {
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.2);
    padding-top: 10px;
    font-size: 13px;
    color: #ccc;
}



.issue-card {
    background: #fff;
    padding: 3px;
    box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);
}

 /* ===== Archive Page Background ===== */
/* ✅ accordian*/
/* ====== Accordion Header Gradient ====== */
/* ===== Accordion Button ===== */
.accordion-button {
    padding: 10px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #cfe2ff, #bbdefb);
    color: #0d47a1;
     border-radius: 6px;
    font-weight: 600;
    font-size: 16px;
    border: none;
    box-shadow: none;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

/* Active State */
.accordion-button:not(.collapsed) {
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #bbdefb, #90caf9);
    color: #0b3d91;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.10);
}

/* Focus remove */
.accordion-button:focus {
    box-shadow: none;
}


/* ===== Accordion Item ===== */
.accordion-item {
    border: none;
    border-radius: 10px;
    margin-bottom: 8px;
    overflow: hidden;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);
}

/* ===== Title ===== */
.archive-title {
    font-weight: bold;
    color: #0d47a1;
}

/* ===== Volume Button ===== */
.volume-btn {
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #cfe2ff, #a9d4ff);
    color: #0d47a1;
    font-weight: 600;
}

/* ===== Issue Button ===== */
.issue-btn {
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #bbdefb, #90caf9);
    color: #0D3B7F;
    font-weight: 500;/*#0d47d1*/
}

/* Active text */
.accordion-button:not(.collapsed) {
    color: #0b3d91;
}

.accordion-button:hover {
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #bcdcff, #9ed0ff);
}



/* Header */
.article-header {
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0b3d91, #2a5298);
    color: #fff;
    padding: 30px;
    border-radius: 12px;
}

/* Header */
.issue-header h3 {
    font-weight: 600;

}

.article-meta {
    font-size: 14px;
    color: #fff;
    text-align: right;

}

/* Tabs */
.tabs {
    display: flex;
    gap: 10px;
}

.tab {
    border: none;
    background: #f1f1f1;
    padding: 5px 12px;
    font-size: 13px;
    cursor: pointer;

}

.tab.active {
    background: #0D3B7F;;
    color: #fff;
}

.tabs .tab {
    padding: 5px 10px;
    border: none;
    background: #eee;
    margin-right: 5px;
    cursor: pointer;
}

.tabs .tab.active {
    background: #0D3B7F;
    color: #fff;
}

.result-count {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 500;
}

.total-count {
    font-size: 13px;
}

/* Mobile fix */
@media (max-width: 768px){
    .total-count {
        width: 100%;
        margin-top: 5px;
    }

    #searchInput {
        width: 100% !important;
    }
}

/* Article */
/* ===== COLUMN WIDTH (DESKTOP) ===== */
.col-id { width: 15%; }
.col-title { width: 40%; }
.col-author { width: 25%; }
.col-doi { width: 10%; }
.col-download { width: 5%; }

/* ===== TABLE BASE ===== */
.journal-table {
    width: 100%;
    font-size: 14px;
}

/* ===== TITLE ===== */
.title-cell a {
    color: #0D3B7F;
    font-weight: 500;
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: 0.3s ease;
}

.title-cell a:hover {
    color: #ff6f00;
}

/* ===== DOI ===== */
.doi-link {
    color: #2a5298;
    font-weight: 500;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.doi-link:hover {
    text-decoration: underline;
}

/* ===== PDF BUTTON ===== */
.download-btn {
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, #0D3B7F, #109ac5);
    color: #fff;
    padding: 5px 10px;
    border-radius: 4px;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 13px;
    display: inline-block;
}

.download-btn:hover {
    opacity: 0.9;
}

/* ===== ROW SPACING ===== */
.article-row td {
    vertical-align: top;
    padding: 10px 8px;
}

/* ===== MOBILE VIEW ===== */
@media (max-width: 768px) {

    /* Hide header */
    .journal-table thead {
        display: none;
    }

    /* Convert table to block */
    .journal-table,
    .journal-table tbody,
    .journal-table tr,
    .journal-table td {
        display: block;
        width: 100%;
    }

    /* Each article = compact list */
    .journal-table tr.article-row {
        border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
        padding: 8px 0;
        margin-bottom: 8px;
    }

    /* Compact text */
    .journal-table td {
        border: none;
        padding: 3px 0;
        font-size: 13px;
        line-height: 1.4;
    }

    /* Title highlight */
    .journal-table .title-cell {
        font-weight: 600;
        font-size: 14px;
        margin-bottom: 6px;
    }

    /* Labels inline (compact style) */
    .journal-table td::before {
        content: attr(data-label) ": ";
        font-weight: 600;
        color: #666;
        font-size: 12px;
    }

    /* Hide less important columns */
    .col-id {
        display: none;
    }

    /* DOI fix */
    .doi-link {
        word-break: break-all;
        font-size: 12px;
    }

    /* PDF button compact */
    .download-btn {
        padding: 4px 8px;
        font-size: 12px;
    }
}

/* Card */
.article-card {
    background: #fff;
    padding: 25px;
    border-radius: 12px;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.08);
}

/* DOI */
.doi-box {
    background: #eef3ff;
    border-left: 5px solid #2a5298;
    padding: 12px;
    margin-top: 15px;
}

/* Buttons */
.btn-custom {
    border-radius: 30px;
    padding: 8px 18px;
}



/* Floating PDF */
.floating-pdf {
    position: fixed;
    right: 20px;
    bottom: 80px;
    z-index: 999;
}

.floating-pdf a {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
    background: linear-gradient(45deg, #ff3c00, #ff7a00);
    color: #fff;
    padding: 12px 16px;
    border-radius: 50px;
    text-decoration: none;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
}
.floating-pdf a:hover {
transform: translateY(-3px);
    box-shadow: 0 12px 25px rgba(255, 106, 0, 0.6);
}

/* Mobile */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .floating-pdf {
        right: 10px;
        bottom: 70px;
    }
}


.crossref-img {
    max-height: 1200px;
    transition: 0.5s;
}

.crossref-img:hover {
    transform: scale(1.05);
}